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Sir Isaac Newton FRS
Portrait of Newton at 46 by Godfrey Kneller, 1689
Born	(1643-01-04)4 January 1643 [O.S. 25 December 1642] Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, England
Died	31 March 1727(1727-03-31) (aged 84) [O.S. 20 March 1726] Kensington, Middlesex, Great Britain
Resting place	Westminster Abbey
Education	Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A., 1668)
Known for	List Newtonian mechanics universal gravitation calculus Newton’s laws of motion optics binomial series Principia Newton’s method Newton’s accomplish of cooling Newton’s identities Newton’s metal Newton line Newton–Gauss line Newtonian fluid Newton’s rings Standing upon the shoulders of giants List of all other works and concepts
Awards	FRS (1672) Knight Bachelor (1705)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics natural philosophy alchemy theology mathematics astronomy economics
Institutions	University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint
Academic advisors	Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn
Notable students	Roger Cotes William Whiston
Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge
In office 1689–1690
Preceded by	Robert Brady
Succeeded by	Edward Finch
In office 1701–1702
Preceded by	Anthony Hammond
Succeeded by	Arthur Annesley, 5th Earl of Anglesey
12th President of the Royal Society
In office 1703–1727
Preceded by	John Somers
Succeeded by	Hans Sloane
Master of the Mint
In office 1699–1727
1696–1699	Warden of the Mint
Preceded by	Thomas Neale
Succeeded by	John Conduitt
2nd Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
In office 1669–1702
Preceded by	Isaac Barrow
Succeeded by	William Whiston
Personal details
Political party	Whig
Signature

Sir Isaac Newton FRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath swift as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his epoch as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results and traditional classical mechanics. Newton in addition to made seminal contributions to optics, and shares story with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus, though notably he developed calculus skillfully before Leibniz. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential scientists in history.

In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of commotion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific approach for centuries until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical report of gravity to derive Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt not quite the Solar System’s heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the commotion of objects upon Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton’s inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was well ahead confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the coldness of Newtonian mechanics beyond earlier systems.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based upon the observation that a prism separates white spacious into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his very influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He then formulated an empirical comport yourself of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the swiftness of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In complement to his work upon calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the testing of gift series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but substitute Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. He refused to accept holy orders in the Church of England, unlike most members of the Cambridge capability of the day. Beyond his work upon the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his get older to the breakdown of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his take steps in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–1690 and 1701–1702. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and spent the last three decades of his spirit in London, serving as Warden (1696–1699) and Master (1699–1727) of the Royal Mint, as skillfully as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727).

Early life

Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian reference book in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643) at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small child; his mommy Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mommy remarried and went to live taking into consideration her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough (née Blythe). Newton disliked his stepfather and maintained some dislike towards his mommy for marrying him, as revealed by this retrieve in a list of sins energetic up to the age of 19: “Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.” Newton’s mother had three children (Mary, Benjamin, and Hannah) from her second marriage.